Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 - September 2, 1992), was an American scientist and one of the world's most distinguished cytogeneticists, the 1983 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. There she started her career as the leader in the development of maize cytogenetics, the focus of her research for the rest of her life. From the late 1920s, McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. Her work was groundbreaking; she developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas. One of those ideas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing-over during meiosis-a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information. She produced the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits. She demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information. She was recognized among the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944.
During the 1940s and 1950s, McClintock discovered transposition and used it to demonstrate that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off. She developed theories to explain the suppression and expression of genetic information from one generation of maize plants to the next. Due to skepticism of her research and its implications, she stopped publishing her data in 1953.
Later, she made an extensive study of the cytogenetics and ethnobotany of maize races from South America. McClintock's research became well understood in the 1960s and 1970s, as other scientists confirmed the mechanisms of genetic change and genetic regulation that she had demonstrated in her maize research in the 1940s and 1950s. Awards and recognition for her contributions to the field followed, including the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, awarded to her in 1983 for the discovery of genetic transposition; she is the only woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in that category.
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Sandra in Bangor was first, and correct, with:
barbara mcclintock
Alan J wrote:
Barbara McClintock
Charlie said:
Barbara McClintock, in 1983.
I confess, though I've heard of her, i've never studied anything by her.
That said, this sort of thing can be very interesting. One thing I have read is the 1969 Nobel Lecture in Physiology or Medicine by the physicist turned biologist Max Delbrück
A Physicist's Renewed Look at Biology - Twenty Years Later
Body and Soul
My second reservation regarding the hopes of neurobiology is more disturbing to me and also more nebulous; the eagerness with which we plunge into neurobiology overlooks an essential limitation - the a priori aspect of the concept of truth. It is well understood that a computer can be constructed so as to operate with certain axioms and formalized rules of logic, deriving in this way any number of 'proved declarative sentences'. We may call these sentences true if we have faith in the axioms and the rules of logic and we may be tempted to consider the logical sum of provable sentences as the computer's definition of truth. However, our friends, the logicians, have made it clear to us long ago that in any but the simplest languages we must distinguish between an 'object language' and a 'metalanguage'. The word 'truth', and thus all discussion of truth, must be excluded from the object language if the language is to be kept free of antinomies. There then follows the strange result that there must be sentences that are true but not probablea. Thus the notion of truth, if it is to be meaningful at all, must be distinct and prior to the system of provable sentences, and thus distinct from and prior to the computer which should be looked upon as the embodiment of the system of probable sentences.
Thus, even if we learn to speak about consciousness as an emergent property of nerve nets, even if we learn to understand the processes that lead to abstraction, reasoning and language, still any such development presupposes a notion of truth that is prior to all these efforts and that cannot be conceived as an emergent property of it, an emergent property of a biological evolution. Our conviction of the truth of the sentence, "The number of prime numbers is infinite", must be independent of nerve nets and of evolution, if truth is to be a meaningful word at all.
dave replied:
Barbara McClintock. She had "a feeling for the organism."
Adam answered:
Barabara McClintock
Deflowered Dale of Diamond Springs, Norcali, replied:
Barbara McClintock created a branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and variation by the methods of both cytology and genetics, cytogenetics or jumping genes by playing in the maize. I love the idea of genes jumping. I always have had a love of the biological sciences. This field can be used for evil doings of mankind! There's Dr. McClintock in 1944 working to create Maizey Man, a man that grows corn out of his bungholio!
Lois Of The Corn In Oregon responded:
Barbara McClintock discovered some jumpin' genes and shit in
maize, leading the way for Monsanto's eventual total control
of all life on earth. Thanks Babs.
Marian said:
Barbara McClintock
Jim from CA, retired to ID, answered:
Barbara McClintock
MAM wrote:
Barbara McClintock ~ She received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1983, the first woman to win that prize unshared, credited by the Nobel Foundation for discovering "mobile genetic elements"; it was more than 30 years after she initially described the phenomenon of controlling elements.
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CBS opens the night with a RERUN'Big Bang Theory', followed by a RERUN'Mom', then a RERUN'2½ Men', followed by a RERUN'The Millers', then a RERUN'Elementary'.
Scheduled on a FRESHDave are Paul Rudd, Jeff Altman, and John Doe.
Scheduled on a FRESHCraig are Carson Kressley and Shantel VanSanten.
NBC begins the night with a RERUN'Hollywood Game Night', followed by a FRESH'Undateable', then another FRESH'Undateable', followed by a FRESH'Last Comic Standing'.
Scheduled on a FRESHJimmy Fallon are George Lopez and Pitbull.
Scheduled on a FRESHSeth Meyers are Al Roker, Jenny Slate, and Paul Haggis.
On a RERUNCarson 'The Scab' Daly (from 3/17/14) are Rachael Taylor, Robbie Fulks, and Taylor Williamson.
ABC starts the night with a FRESH'Black Box', followed by another FRESH'Black Box', then a FRESH'Rookie Blue'.
Scheduled on a FRESHJimmy Kimmel are Tony Parker, Eric Bana, and Linkin Park.
The CW fills the night with the FRESH'The 4th Annual Critics' Choice Television Awards'.
On a RERUNArsenio Hall (from 11/27/13) are Mike Tyson, Niecy Nash, Harley Morenstein, and Nathan East.
Faux has a FRESH'Hell's Kitchen', followed by a FRESH'Gang Related'.
MY recycles an old 'House', followed by another old 'House'.
A&E has 'The First 48', another 'The First 48', followed by a FRESH'The First 48'.
AMC offers the movie 'Shooter', followed by the movie 'Teen Wolf', then the movie 'Back To School'.
BBC -
[6:00AM] BBC WORLD NEWS
[7:00AM] BBC WORLD NEWS
[8:00AM] DOCTOR WHO - Season 6 - Ep 11 - The God Complex
[9:00AM] DOCTOR WHO - Season 6 - Ep 12 - Closing Time
[10:00AM] TORCHWOOD: MIRACLE DAY-Season 4 - Ep 9 - The Gathering
[11:00AM] STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION - Season 4 - Ep 7 - Reunion
[12:00PM] STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION - Season 4 - Ep 8 - Future Imperfect
[1:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES REVISITED US - Season 2 - Ep 1 - Revisited: Santa La Brea, Giuseppi's
[2:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 1 - Ep 9 - The Olde Stone Mill
[3:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 5 - Ep 9 - El Greco
[4:00PM] TOP GEAR: BEST OF 10-11 - Episode 3
[5:00PM] TOP GEAR: BEST OF 10-11 - Episode 4
[6:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 1 - Ep 8 - Peter's
[7:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 4 - Ep 8 - La Frite
[8:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 5 - Ep 3 - Mike & Nellie's
[9:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 5 - Ep 4 - Luigi's D'Italia
[10:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 5 - Ep 5 - Burger Kitchen, Part 1
[11:00PM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 5 - Ep 3 - Mike & Nellie's
[12:00AM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 5 - Ep 4 - Luigi's D'Italia
[1:00AM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 5 - Ep 5 - Burger Kitchen, Part 1
[2:00AM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 1 - Ep 9 - The Olde Stone Mill
[3:00AM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 5 - Ep 9 - El Greco
[4:00AM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 1 - Ep 8 - Peter's
[5:00AM] RAMSAY'S KITCHEN NIGHTMARES US - Season 4 - Ep 8 - La Frite (ALL TIMES EST)
Bravo has 'Married To Medicine', another 'Married To Medicine', 'Real Housewives Of Atlanta: Kandi's Wedding', and another 'Real Housewives Of Atlanta: Kandi's Wedding'.
Comedy Central has last night's 'Colbert Report', last night's 'Jon Stewart', 'Tosh.0', another 'Tosh.0', still another 'Tosh.0'< and 'The Comedy Central Roast Of Larry The Cable Guy'.
Scheduled on a FRESHJon Stewart is Hamid Al-Bayati.
Scheduled on a FRESHColbert Report is Jay Carney.
FX has '2½ Men', another '2½ Men', followed by the movie '21 Jump Street', then the movie '21 Jump Street', again.
History has 'Pawn Stars', another 'Pawn Stars', still another 'Pawn Stars', yet another 'Pawn Stars', followed by a FRESH'Pawn Stars', then another FRESH'Pawn Stars', followed by a FRESH'American Restoration'.
IFC -
[6:00AM] I SELL THE DEAD
[7:45AM] ENTER THE DRAGON
[10:00AM] THE JACKAL
[12:45PM] ENTER THE DRAGON
[3:00PM] MALCOLM IN THE MIDDLE-FRANCIS ESCAPES
[3:30PM] MALCOLM IN THE MIDDLE-KRELBOYNE PICNIC
[4:00PM] MALCOLM IN THE MIDDLE-LOIS VS. EVIL
[4:30PM] MALCOLM IN THE MIDDLE-STOCK CAR RACES
[5:00PM] MALCOLM IN THE MIDDLE-FUNERAL
[5:30PM] CHEECH & CHONG'S NEXT MOVIE
[7:30PM] THE CHRONICLES OF RIDDICK
[10:00PM] MARON-MARC'S FAMILY
[10:30PM] COMEDY BANG! BANG!-LIZZY CAPLAN WEARS ALL BLACK AND POWDER BLUE ESPADRILLES
[11:00PM] POLICE ACADEMY 4: CITIZENS ON PATROL
[1:00AM] MARON-MARC'S FAMILY
[1:30AM] COMEDY BANG! BANG!-LIZZY CAPLAN WEARS ALL BLACK AND POWDER BLUE ESPADRILLES
[2:00AM] THE CHRONICLES OF RIDDICK
[4:30AM] MARON-NOSTALGIC SEX BUDDY
[5:00AM] MARON-MARC'S FAMILY
[5:30AM] COMEDY BANG! BANG!-NICK OFFERMAN WEARS A GREEN FLANNEL SHIRT AND BROWN BOOTS (ALL TIMES EST)
Sundance -
[6:00AM] Love Lust-Heels
[6:15AM] Margin Call
[8:30AM] In the Loop
[10:45AM] Bonnie and Clyde
[1:15PM] All Good Things
[3:30PM] Thelma & Louise
[6:30PM] True Romance
[9:00PM] Rectify-Running With the Bull
[10:00PM] Law & Order-DR 1-102
[11:00PM] Law & Order-Missing
[12:00AM] Rectify-Running With the Bull
[1:00AM] True Romance
[3:30AM] Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (ALL TIMES EST)
SyFy has the movie 'Indiana Jones & the Kingdom Of the Crystal Skull', followed by a FRESH'Defiance', then another FRESH'Defiance', followed by a FRESH'Dominion'.
TBS:
Scheduled on a FRESHConan are Kevin Hart, Rhona Mitra, and Atmosphere.
Actor Denis Leary, left, and honoree, hairstylist Kerrie Smith, attend the New York Women in Film & Television Honors gala at the McGraw-Hill Building on Wednesday, June 18, 2014 in New York.
Photo by Evan Agostini
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ruled Wednesday that the Washington Redskins' name is "disparaging of Native Americans" and should be stripped of trademark protection - a decision that puts powerful new financial and political pressure on the NFL team to rename itself.
By a vote of 2-1, the agency's Trademark Trial and Appeal Board sided with five Native Americans in a dispute that has been working its way through legal channels for more than two decades.
The ruling doesn't directly force the team to abandon the name, but it adds momentum to the campaign at a time of increasing criticism of Redskins owner Dan Snyder from political, religious and sports figures who say it's time for a change.
"If the most basic sense of morality, decency and civility has not yet convinced the Washington team and the NFL to stop using this hateful slur, then hopefully today's patent ruling will, if only because it imperils the ability of the team's billionaire owner to keep profiting off the denigration and dehumanization of Native Americans," Oneida Indian representative Ray Halbritter and National Congress of American Indians Executive Director Jackie Pata, two of the leading forces in the campaign to change the name, said in a statement.
A similar ruling by the board in 1999 was overturned on a technicality in 2003.
Actors Cameron Diaz (C), Jason Segel (L) and Rob Lowe attend a photocall to promote the movie "Sex Tape" during the Barcelona International Film Festival in Barcelona June 18, 2014 .
Photo by Gustau Nacarino
U.S. comedian Jay Leno will receive this year's Mark Twain Prize for American Humor from the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the center announced on Wednesday.
Leno, who ended a 22-year run as the host of NBC's "Tonight Show" in February, will receive the award during a gala performance at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., on Oct. 19.
The Kennedy Center created the award in 1998 to recognize comedians who have had "an impact on American society" similar to that of Mark Twain, the 19th-century satirist and author of novels including "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn".
Previous winners of the award include entertainers Billy Crystal, Tina Fey, Whoopi Goldberg and Lily Tomlin.
Frank Schaefer lost his job but not his voice. Defrocked by the United Methodist Church six months ago for officiating his son's same-sex wedding, Schaefer has gained a following among reformers who want the nation's second-largest Protestant denomination to loosen its policies on homosexuality.
He's told his story dozens of times to largely sympathetic audiences around the country: How his son came out to him as a teenager who had contemplated suicide. How he hid the 2007 wedding from his conservative Pennsylvania congregation, fearing it would sow division. How he finally decided - in the midst of his high-profile church trial last fall - to become an outspoken advocate for gay rights at a time when his denomination is bitterly divided over the issue.
Church officials put the German-born preacher on trial in southeastern Pennsylvania after one of his congregants in Lebanon filed a complaint against him, accusing him of ignoring his pastoral vows by presiding over his son's ceremony in Massachusetts.
Schaefer could have avoided the trial - and, after his conviction, kept his ordination - by promising he wouldn't perform another same-gender wedding. But he refused, declaring he would officiate more gay marriages if asked.
American actor, Jared Leto grimaces for jocking during the Cannes Lions 2014, 61st International Advertising Festival in Cannes, southern France, Wednesday, June 18, 2014. The Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival is a world's meeting place for professionals in the communications industry.
Photo by Lionel Cironneau
There's no argument here that the FBI has a difficult job: As its methods improve, so do those of the criminals. That extends to knowing how people are staying in touch, particularly over text messages as that becomes a more frequently used form of communication.
So it should come as no surprise that the FBI has its own glossary of netspeak and text messaging terms to which its employees can refer. What is a little more surprising is that it is 83 pages long, contains 3,000 words, and seems like it would be better suited to decoding AIM or ICQ messages than modern texts.
The Washington Post discovered that as part of a recent Freedom of Information Information request, the FBI has released this document to MuckRock, a collaborative news site focused on transparency in politics, (PDF available here), titled Twitter Speak. The document covers more than just Twitter, however, as the intro to the document explains that it is to help agents and employees understand Internet shorthand used on "instant messages, Facebook and Myspace."
...Myspace?
A brief look through the document and you can see that the Myspace reference isn't the only outdated term used. In fact, the Post did a quick survey of how often certain terms on the FBI's list actually appeared on Twitter, and discovered that some of the phrases were downright bizarre.
Top environmental regulators for four Republican presidents told Congress on Wednesday what many Republican lawmakers won't: Action is needed on global warming.
In a congressional hearing organized to undermine Republican opposition to President Barack Obama's environmental proposals, Senate Democrats asked the heads of the Environmental Protection Agency for Richard Nixon, George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush and Ronald Reagan to discuss the risks from climate change and what should be done about it. Some Most Republicans dispute the science of climate change and have worked to unravel Obama's steps to address it.
"We have a scientific consensus around this issue. We also need a political consensus," said Christine Todd Whitman, the former New Jersey Governor and first EPA administrator under President George W. Bush, who resigned her post after disagreeing with the White House's direction on pollution rules.
Whitman was joined by William Ruckelshaus, the nation's first EPA administrator under President Richard Nixon, William Reilly, who led the EPA under President George H.W. Bush, and Lee Thomas, who was administrator under Reagan.
Actress Helena Bonham Carter walks the a red carpet at Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, Fla. on Wednesday, June 18, 2014. The red carpet was part of a media preview for the theme park's new Harry Potter-themed area. The actress played Bellatrix Lestrange in several Harry Potter movies. The new Wizarding World of Harry Potter-Diagon Alley opens to the public at Universal on July 8.
Photo by Tamara Lush
According to the two leading trackers of global temperatures, May of this year was the hottest May ever recorded. While the data is preliminary because China's data has yet to be accounted for, here's how EarthSky broke it down:
NASA data show that May 2014 had an average global temperature that was 1.38 degrees Fahrenheit above the long-term average. The Japanese Meteorological Agency's separate analysis also found both May and the meteorological spring months of March, April and May to be the warmest on record.
Across the country, temperatures (except, oddly, in the Greater Texas region) registered either "near average" or "above average," according to the National Climatic Data Center:
Many climate prognosticators are anticipating that this will be the hottest year on record when it's all said and done.
Portraits of Myanmar's pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi are exhibited at an art gallery in Yangon, Myanmar, Wednesday, June 18, 2014. A group of Myanmar artists showcase an exhibition of 69 portraits of Suu Kyi, depicting her life and different moods of the Nobel laureate to mark her 69th birthday, which falls on 19th of June. Suu Kyi, now a lawmaker in the countryâs bicameral parliament, began her democratic struggle in the military ruled Myanmar and spent more than 15 years of the past 26 years under house arrest.
Photo by Gemunu Amarasinghe
Canada's government on Tuesday approved a controversial pipeline proposal that would bring oil to the Pacific Coast for shipment to Asia, a major step in the country's efforts to diversify its oil exports if it can overcome fierce opposition from environmental and aboriginal groups.
Approval for Enbridge's Northern Gateway project was expected as Canada needs infrastructure in place to export its growing oil sands production. The project's importance has only grown since the U.S. delayed a decision on TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline that would take oil from Alberta to the U.S. Gulf Coast.
Enbridge's pipeline would transport 525,000 barrels of oil a day from Alberta's oil sands to the Pacific to deliver oil to Asia, mainly energy-hungry China. About 220 large oil tankers a year would visit the Pacific coast town of Kitimat and opponents fear pipeline leaks and a potential tanker spill on the pristine Pacific coast.
Environmentalists and Canada's native tribes could delay approval all the way to the Supreme Court, and the tribes still hold title to some of the land the pipeline would cross. That means the government will have to move with extreme sensitivity.
Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs Grand Chief Stewart Phillip said aboriginal people will blockade any attempt by Enbridge to start work.
A giant statue of U.S. actress Marilyn Monroe is seen at the dump site of a garbage collecting company in Guigang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region June 18, 2014. The eight-metre-tall stainless steel statue, which weighs about eight tonnes, was made by several Chinese artists for over two years, based on the famous scene from her movie "The Seven Year Itch". The statue was transported to the garbage collecting company early this week for unknown reasons after being showed outside a business centre in the city for only 6 months, local media reported. Picture taken June 18, 2014.
A French court convicted a 76-year-old man Wednesday of ordering a cross-border kidnapping as part of a decades-long mission to avenge his daughter's death but suspended his one-year prison sentence.
The verdict Wednesday in the eastern French city of Mulhouse culminates a protracted and emotional legal saga that began after 15-year-old Kalinka died in Germany in 1982.
Kalinka's father, Andre Bamberski, suspected her stepfather, Dieter Krombach, of giving the girl a dangerous injection so he could rape her - an injection that apparently caused her death.
A French court convicted Krombach in absentia, but a German court said evidence was insufficient to prove his guilt and would not extradite him.
So in 2009, Bamberski took justice into his own hands and hired two men to forcibly bring Krombach to France to face prosecution. Krombach was tied up and dumped near a French courthouse and subsequently re-convicted of "intentional violence that led to unintentional death." Now 79, he is serving a 15-year sentence in a French prison.
A construction worker (R) talks with a People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) activist during a demonstration in Ottawa June 18, 2014. Three PETA activists wearing markings that mimic a butcher's diagram of body parts took part in the protest against the consumption of meat at the city's annual Ribfest event.
Photo by Chris Wattie
It's illegal to shoot bald eagles but America's national symbol is still dying as a result of hunting.
Researchers working at the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge recently conducted autopsies on 168 dead bald eagles found in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. According to their tests, nearly half the birds had detectable levels of lead in their livers. Worse, 21 percent of the eagles most likely died from exposure to the toxic metal.
The source of this lead, according to the study, appears to be the gut piles left behind by hunters after they have shot deer and other animals. Lead bullets tend to fragment into tiny pieces when they strike a target and can spread through an entire carcass. The researchers collected the offal piles from 25 deer that had been shot with lead ammunition on the refuge. Radiograph tests showed that 36 percent of those gut piles contained lead, sometimes as little as one fragment and as many as 107 fragments.
Eagles in the winter "rely on carrion as a primary food source, especially deer carcasses and offal [gut piles] left in the field after hunting events," wrote project leader Ed Britton in an earlier version of the study.
News of this bald eagle study came out the same day that the Humane Society of the United States, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), and 10 other conservation organizations filed a petition with the Department of the Interior to ban the use of lead ammunition on federal wildlife refuges and national parks.
Author Daniel Keyes, whose novel "Flowers for Algernon" became a classroom staple that explored the treatment of the mentally disabled and the ethics of manipulating human intelligence, has died, his family said. He was 86.
Keyes died Sunday of complications from pneumonia, said his daughter Leslie Keyes.
First published as a short story in 1959, and later as a novel, "Algernon" is a series of journal entries by a low-IQ labourer named Charlie Gordon who participates in experiments that triple his intelligence just as researchers did with a laboratory mouse named Algernon. As the protagonist reaches the height of his brainpower, the mouse's progress begins to reverse until he dies, a harbinger of what's to come for Charlie. The very makeup of the book's entries follows the ascension and decline of the main character, whose writings are filled with spelling and grammatical errors at the start, then soar to sophistication before regressing.
The short story won a Hugo Award for best short fiction and the novel won a Nebula Award from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. The book has sold more than 5 million copies. Actor Cliff Robertson won an Academy Award for best leading actor with his portrayal of the book's main character in "Charly," a 1968 movie based on the story.
Keyes was born Aug. 9, 1927, in Brooklyn. He said he always wanted to be a writer but his parents dreamed of him becoming a doctor, and he enrolled in a premedical program at New York University. He wrote in his autobiography, "Algernon, Charlie, And I," that adopting an unchosen vocation was "driving a wedge between me and the people I love," feelings that planted the first seeds for his story, in which a major theme is the effect Charlie's intelligence has on his relationships.
The author eventually became a public school teacher and he said "Algernon" would not have happened without the inspiration of a developmentally disabled boy who approached him and said, "Mr. Keyes, I want to be smart," he wrote in his autobiography.
Besides his most famous work and the autobiography, Keyes also wrote "The Minds of Billy Milligan," ''Unveiling Claudia" and several other books. "Algernon," though to this day part of many schools' curricula, has also been frequently banned for some of its content, appearing as No. 43 on the American Library Association's 100 most frequently challenged books of the 1990s.
Leslie Keyes said her father wrote to the very end, using a yellow pad he kept by his bedside. He is survived by another daughter, Hillary Keyes, and a sister, Gail Marcus.
This photo taken June 14, 2014 shows Martha, an extinct passenger pigeon, once the most plentiful bird on the planet, who went extinct in September 1914 when Martha died in public at the Cincinnati zoo, at the Smithsonian's Natural history Museum in Washington. Martha, a red-eyed grey-and-brown bird that became famous as the last surviving passenger pigeon, is being taken out of the file cabinets of history in a new Smithsonian Institution exhibit this month, reminding the public of her death and what man did a century ago. A new scientific study this week shows how pigeon populations fluctuated wildly, but how people ultimately killed off the species. And some geneticists are now working on the longshot hope of reviving the passenger pigeon from leftover DNA in stuffed birds.
Photo by Susan Walsh
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